Brihati (Solanum indicum) in Ayurveda

Botanical Name: Solanum indicum
Family: Solanaceae (Nightshade Family)
Common Names:

• Sanskrit: Brihati, Duhsparsha, Vahni, Kantaki Brihati
• Hindi: Bari Kateri, Brihati
• English: Indian Nightshade
• Tamil: Thoothuvalai
• Telugu: Peddakandekari

Description

Brihati is a thorny shrub of medium size, reaching up to 1-2 meters in height. It is known for its purple or violet flowers and small, round, yellowish berries. The plant is covered in spines, especially on its branches, leaves, and stems, which is why it is sometimes referred to as “Duhsparsha,” meaning “difficult to touch.”

The plant is recognized in Ayurveda as one of the ten herbs in the Dashamoola group, a collection of roots used for various systemic diseases. It is considered highly beneficial for respiratory, digestive, and urinary ailments.

Occurrence

Brihati is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, especially India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. It thrives in:

• Forests, grasslands, and riverbanks.
• Wastelands, roadsides, and cultivated areas in warm climates.
• Found across India, particularly in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and southern states.

Chemical Constituents

Brihati’s pharmacological properties stem from a range of bioactive compounds, including:

1. Alkaloids: Solanine, solamargine, and solasodine.
2. Flavonoids: Apigenin and luteolin derivatives.
3. Glycosides: Steroidal glycosides that contribute to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
4. Steroids: Beta-sitosterol and its derivatives.
5. Other Components: Essential oils, tannins, carbohydrates, and proteins.

Guna (Properties)

• Rasa (Taste): Katu (Pungent), Tikta (Bitter).
• Guna (Qualities): Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry).
• Virya (Potency): Ushna (Hot).
• Vipaka (Post-digestive Effect): Katu (Pungent).
• Dosha Karma: Balances Kapha and Vata doshas.

Uses in Ayurveda

1. Respiratory Disorders:

   • Brihati is widely used for conditions like asthma, bronchitis, cough, and colds. Its expectorant and bronchodilator properties help in clearing mucus and relieving respiratory congestion.

2. Digestive Health:

   • It acts as a carminative and stimulant for digestion. It helps treat flatulence, bloating, and abdominal pain.

3. Urinary Disorders:

   • The diuretic properties of Brihati make it effective in treating conditions like urinary tract infections and painful urination.

4. Fever and Infections:

   • Its antipyretic and antimicrobial actions make it valuable in reducing fever and combating infections.

5. Anti-inflammatory Action:

   • Brihati is used to alleviate inflammation, especially in conditions like arthritis and gout.

6. Wound Healing:

   • The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects aid in faster healing of wounds.

7. Women’s Health:

   • It is used in gynecological conditions such as menstrual irregularities and postpartum disorders.

Mode of Action

• Expectorant Action: Helps in liquefying and expelling phlegm from the respiratory tract, making it useful in asthma and bronchitis.
• Anti-inflammatory Effect: Reduces swelling and inflammation by modulating inflammatory mediators.
• Diuretic Action: Promotes urine flow, assisting in detoxification and treating urinary tract infections.
• Antimicrobial Activity: Inhibits bacterial and fungal growth, protecting against infections.
• Digestive Stimulant: Enhances enzymatic activity, improving digestion and relieving abdominal discomfort.

Home Remedies

1. For Cough and Cold:

   • Prepare a decoction using Brihati roots. Add honey and consume twice daily for relief from cough and respiratory congestion.

2. For Asthma:

   • Mix powdered Brihati root with ginger juice and honey. Consume a teaspoon daily to ease breathing difficulties.

3. For Indigestion:

   • A decoction of Brihati roots, combined with rock salt, can alleviate bloating and flatulence.

4. For Urinary Disorders:

   • Boil Brihati leaves in water and drink the strained liquid to relieve painful urination and cleanse the urinary tract.

5. For Fever:

   • Brihati root decoction with tulsi (holy basil) leaves and ginger is effective in reducing fever.

6. For Wounds:

   • Crush fresh Brihati leaves and apply as a poultice to wounds to promote healing and reduce infection.

Dosage

• Powder (Churna): 1-3 grams, mixed with honey or warm water.
• Decoction (Kwath): 50-100 ml, taken twice daily.
• Juice (Swarasa): 10-20 ml of freshly extracted juice from the leaves or roots.
• Tablets/Capsules: 250-500 mg, as per physician’s recommendation.

Note: Dosage may vary depending on age, condition, and overall health. It is essential to consult an Ayurvedic practitioner for personalized advice.

Cautions and Precautions

1. Pregnancy and Lactation:

   • Should be used with caution during pregnancy and lactation. Consult a doctor before use.

2. Dosha Sensitivity:

   • Excessive use may aggravate Pitta dosha due to its Ushna (hot) potency.

3. Allergic Reactions:

   • Rare cases of allergic reactions have been reported. Discontinue use if symptoms like itching or rashes occur.

4. Interaction with Medications:

   • May interact with diuretics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Consult a healthcare provider if you are on medication.

5. Avoid Overdose:

   • High doses can lead to gastric irritation, nausea, and vomiting.

Cultivation and Harvesting

• Soil and Climate:

  • Brihati thrives in well-drained, sandy-loam soils with a pH range of 5.5-7.0.
  • It requires a warm climate and grows best in tropical and subtropical regions.

• Propagation:

  • Propagated through seeds. Seeds are soaked in water overnight before sowing.

• Harvesting:

  • Roots, leaves, and fruits are harvested in the second year for maximum medicinal potency.

Brihati (Solanum indicum) in Ayurveda: A Detailed Overview

Brihati (Solanum indicum), commonly known as the Indian nightshade or bitter nightshade, is a plant that holds significant value in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It is classified as a powerful herb with multiple therapeutic properties, especially due to its actions on the respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems. Brihati is known for its potency and efficacy in balancing the doshas, particularly Kapha and Vata, but also possesses certain properties that can affect Pitta. It is used in a variety of formulations, targeting numerous conditions, ranging from chronic coughs to metabolic imbalances.

1. Diseases and Conditions Where Brihati (Solanum indicum) Can Be Used in Ayurveda

a. Respiratory Disorders

• Conditions: Asthma, bronchitis, chronic cough, and difficulty breathing.
• Role in Ayurveda: Brihati is considered a potent remedy for respiratory issues, especially those related to excessive Kapha accumulation, such as in asthma or chronic bronchitis. It helps in clearing excess mucus from the respiratory tract and opening up the airways.
• Scientific Validation: Brihati contains alkaloids, flavonoids, and other active compounds that exhibit anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator effects. Research has shown its ability to reduce airway inflammation and promote easier breathing, making it effective in managing asthma and other chronic respiratory conditions.

b. Digestive Disorders

• Conditions: Indigestion, bloating, constipation, and poor appetite.
• Role in Ayurveda: Brihati is used to stimulate the digestive fire (Agni), improve appetite, and promote the smooth movement of food through the digestive system. It is helpful in cases of sluggish digestion and bloating.
• Scientific Validation: Studies suggest that Brihati has a mild laxative effect, helping to relieve constipation. It is believed to stimulate the digestive system and reduce the formation of gas, thus improving digestion.

c. Infections and Inflammation

• Conditions: Fever, inflammatory conditions, and infections.
• Role in Ayurveda: Brihati has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used to treat conditions associated with infections and inflammation, such as fevers, sore throats, and joint inflammation.
• Scientific Validation: Some research indicates that Brihati contains compounds that exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties, making it effective in managing mild infections and reducing inflammation.

d. Metabolic Disorders

• Conditions: Obesity, water retention, and metabolic syndrome.
• Role in Ayurveda: Brihati is used to aid in weight management by increasing metabolism and promoting the proper elimination of toxins and excess fluid. It is often incorporated into treatments for managing obesity and improving overall metabolic function.
• Scientific Validation: Brihati is known to have a thermogenic effect, which may help in reducing excess body fat by stimulating the metabolism. Additionally, its diuretic properties may support the removal of excess water retention from the body.

e. Neurological Disorders

• Conditions: Epilepsy, seizures, and nervous system disorders.
• Role in Ayurveda: Brihati is sometimes used to calm the nervous system and treat conditions like epilepsy and seizures, attributed to its ability to reduce excess Vata and Pitta in the body.
• Scientific Validation: Some studies have shown that compounds in Brihati may have a calming effect on the nervous system, providing potential benefits in managing convulsions or nervous disorders, though this requires more research for conclusive evidence.

2. Names of Ayurvedic Medications Where Brihati (Solanum indicum) Is Used as Ingredient

a. Chyawanprash

• Role of Brihati: Brihati is included in some variations of Chyawanprash due to its ability to support respiratory and digestive health, while also acting as an immune booster.
• Other Indications: Chyawanprash is used primarily for general rejuvenation, enhancing immunity, improving digestive health, and providing energy. It is often recommended for strengthening the body’s resistance to infections and as a tonic to improve overall vitality.

b. Brihati Panchang

• Role of Brihati: This specific preparation uses all parts of Brihati (root, stem, leaves) and is typically used to address respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic cough, and bronchitis.
• Other Indications: Besides treating respiratory disorders, Brihati Panchang is also beneficial in the management of digestive issues and metabolic disorders.

c. Kasahara Vati

• Role of Brihati: Brihati is included in formulations like Kasahara Vati, which is used for treating cough, cold, and other respiratory tract infections.
• Other Indications: This medication is also used to clear mucus from the lungs, reduce inflammation in the throat, and treat conditions like sinusitis and pharyngitis.

d. Mahasudarshan Churna

• Role of Brihati: Brihati is sometimes used in Mahasudarshan Churna, a formulation meant for boosting immunity and combating infections, especially in cases of fevers and inflammatory conditions.
• Other Indications: This powder is commonly used for reducing fever, fighting infections, and improving overall health.

3. Relevance of Brihati (Solanum indicum) in Ayurveda Towards Normalizing Dosha Behavior

a. Kapha Dosha

• Role: Brihati is highly effective in reducing Kapha due to its heating, drying, and stimulating properties. It helps clear excess mucus from the respiratory tract and balances Kapha in conditions like cold, cough, and congestion.
• Effect on Dosha: Its ability to reduce Kapha makes it beneficial in managing respiratory conditions that are aggravated by Kapha, such as asthma and chronic cough, which often involve excess mucus production.

b. Vata Dosha

• Role: Brihati is used to balance Vata due to its stimulating and warming properties. It helps to calm Vata-related symptoms like dry skin, constipation, and nervous disorders.
• Effect on Dosha: Its warming action can soothe Vata imbalances, especially when related to digestive or circulatory issues. It is used to improve the absorption of nutrients and stimulate the digestive process, which is often sluggish in Vata-dominant individuals.

c. Pitta Dosha

• Role: Brihati may also have a mild effect on Pitta when used in moderation. It can balance Pitta in cases where there is inflammation or irritation in the body.
• Effect on Dosha: While Brihati’s heating nature could exacerbate Pitta in high amounts, its use is carefully balanced in formulations aimed at reducing Pitta-induced conditions such as infections, ulcers, or fevers.

4. Harmful Effects Associated with Brihati (Solanum indicum) Intake

a. Toxicity in Large Quantities

• Brihati belongs to the Solanaceae family, and like other nightshades, it can be toxic in large amounts. Excessive consumption may cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or even poisoning, especially when consumed without proper preparation or guidance.
• Recommendation: It should be used in controlled doses and under the supervision of a qualified Ayurvedic practitioner.

b. Irritation of the Digestive System

• Due to its potent properties, Brihati may irritate the gastrointestinal tract if taken excessively or in sensitive individuals. This may result in symptoms like heartburn, acidity, or diarrhea.
• Recommendation: Brihati should be taken with caution by individuals with sensitive digestive systems, and its use should be followed by digestive-supporting herbs like ginger or cumin.

c. Contraindication During Pregnancy

• Brihati is contraindicated during pregnancy, as it may stimulate uterine contractions or affect hormonal balance.
• Recommendation: Pregnant women should avoid using Brihati without medical supervision.

d. Potential for Allergic Reactions

• As with many plants in the Solanaceae family, Brihati may cause allergic reactions in some individuals, including rashes, itching, or swelling.
• Recommendation: A patch test or consultation with a healthcare provider is advised before using it, particularly for individuals with known sensitivities to nightshade plants.

Conclusion

Brihati (Solanum indicum) is a powerful and versatile herb in Ayurveda, used to treat a wide range of conditions, especially those related to the respiratory system, digestive function, and metabolism. Its role in balancing the doshas, particularly Kapha and Vata, makes it highly effective for addressing common imbalances in the body, such as asthma, chronic cough, and indigestion. However, its potency requires careful usage, particularly in individuals with sensitive constitutions or those who are pregnant. As with any Ayurvedic herb, it should be used under the guidance of a skilled practitioner to ensure safety and effectiveness.